Koryo-saram - Knowledge (XXH) (2024)

1320:

772:

833:

937:, 36,442 Korean families totalling 171,781 persons were deported by 25 October. The deported Koreans faced difficult conditions in Central Asia: monetary assistance promised by the government never materialised, and furthermore, most of the deported were rice farmers and fishermen, who had difficulty adapting to the arid climate of their new home. Estimates based on population statistics suggest that 40,000 deported Koreans died in 1937 and 1938 for these reasons. Nonetheless, the deportees cooperated to build irrigation works and start rice farms; within three years, they had recovered their original standard of living.32:

3770:

158:

9931:

9784:

9550:

9317:

1427:

6808:

6803:

1398:. Mass settlement of Koreans in the country began during the late 1950s and early 1960s, after the loosening of restrictions on their freedom of movement which had previously kept them confined to Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. Pull factors for migration included rich natural resources and a relatively mild climate. Their population grew to 2,400 in 1959, 11,000 in 1979 and 13,000 in 1989; most lived in the capital178:

121:

101:

61:

1605:

140:

218:

198:

3438:

869:, leaving hundreds dead. By 1923, the Korean population in the Soviet Union had grown to 106,817. The following year, the Soviets began taking measures to control Korean population movement to their territory; however, they were not completely successful until 1931; after that date, they halted all migration from Korea and required existing migrants to naturalise as Soviet citizens.7361:

81:

3784:

1011:

1214:

1319:

1446:, the Red Army personnel who arrived in 1945–1946, civilian advisors and teachers who arrived in the northern half of the peninsula in 1946–1948 and individuals who repatriated from the Soviet Union to North Korea for personal reasons. Though it was common in most of the newly socialist countries of the668:". Unlike the communities on the Russian mainland primarily descended from Koreans who arrived in the late 19th century and early 20th century, the ancestors of the Sakhalin Koreans were laborers from Japanese Korea, mostly from the southern provinces, who were moved there in the late 1930s and early 1940s.1371:

after the breakup of the Soviet Union. South Korea never had any programme to promote return migration of their diaspora in Central Asia, unlike Germany. However, they have established organisations to promote Korean language and culture, such as the Korean Centre of Education which opened in Bishkek

3406:

Many Korean surnames, when Cyrillized, are spelled and pronounced slightly differently from the romanisations used in the U.S. and the resulting common pronunciations, as can be seen in the table at right. Some surnames of Koryo-saram have a particle "gai" added to them, such as Kogai or Nogai. The

844:

in 1907, Russia enacted an anti-Korean law at the behest of Japan, under which the land of Korean farmers was confiscated and Korean labourers were laid off. However, Korean migration to Russia continued to grow; 1914 figures showed 64,309 Koreans (among whom 20,109 were Russian citizens). Even the

3577:

Legislation of the Russian Empire required the mandatory presence of the surname of the name and patronymic name for everyone. Including poor serf wives. When they were married they were given the surname of the husband, a patronymic formed on behalf of the father and given a name from the Sviatcy

3896:

The region already had a Korean house in 1874, and was the biggest Korean village among the 7 villages recorded in the 1907 Russian census. The town was abandoned after the 1911 order by the Russian authorities due to cholera concerns. and the old town became the new base for the Russian Kazakh

1570:

After their arrival in Central Asia, the Koryo-saram quickly established a way of life different from that of neighbouring peoples. They set up irrigation works and became known throughout the region as rice farmers. They interacted little with the nomadic peoples around them and focused on

1582:, the coffin is taken out of the house either through the window or a single door threshold; however, if there is more than one door threshold on the way out (e.g. in modern multi-stories buildings), three notches are made on each threshold. The name of the dead is traditionally written in3407:

origin of this is unclear. The introduction of international passports by newly independent CIS countries, resulted in further differences in pronunciation as Korean surnames had to be transliterated from Cyrillic into Latin. In addition to a surname, Koreans also use clan names (known as

3537:

Koreans began with the use of patronymics that were formed from the Korean names of their fathers. Over time, as the proportion of Christians increased, Koreans were given, in accordance with the tradition of the Russian Orthodox Church, names from the general list of revered saints.

3722:, who have maintained a higher level of proficiency in their ethnic language. In 1989, the most recent year for which data are available, the number of Russian mother tongue speakers among the Koryo-saram population overtook that of Korean mother tongue speakers.771:

787:

of Korea. A small population of wealthy elite owned the farmlands in the country, and poor peasants found it difficult to survive. Koreans leaving the country in this period were obliged to move toward Russia, as the border with China was sealed by the

3600:

which the Koryo-saram have for the most part adopted. Therefore, Koryo-saram do not use generation names. They use, depending on religion, either a name from Sviatcy or a name arbitrarily chosen from the hanja character used in Korea to form names.

902:

showed 168,259 Koreans in the Soviet Union. However, officials in the Russian Far East viewed the Koreans' ethnic and family ties to the Japanese Empire with suspicion, which would soon set the stage for the deportation of the whole population.

986:. However, in the mid-1950s, Kim Il Sung purged many Soviet-aligned Korean people, which led to the expulsion of a number of Koryo-saram from the North. Several of them, including Chŏng, returned to Central Asia and continued writing for the894:. The Soviet Koreans had a large number of their own official institutions, including 380 Korean schools, two teachers' colleges, one pedagogical school, three hospitals, a theatre, six journals, and seven newspapers (the largest of which,3750:, where one can watch plays in Korean with Russian subtitles. In South Korea, one can visit the various enclaves they live in, as well as visit a history museum in Gwangju Koryoin Village. In New York City, United States, the restaurant4576:

3969:

3886:

Old name of Posyet at the date of foundation in 1860 was Novgorodsky Posyet. The korean source says it is Novgorod bay, however by context, it means Novgorodsky bay, which can be translated as bay of Novgorod by the Russian

4506:[The lost "Yangban" Hong Myeong-hui, Choe Seung-hui who felt sorry for poor civilians, Lee Tae-jun who worried about being remembered as a "pure writer"... Lee Gwang-soo, who died being nursed by Hong Myeong-hui],1414:, many fled the country; by 1996, their population had fallen by over half to 6,300 people. Most are engaged in agriculture and retail business. Violence continued even after the end of the civil war; in 2000, suspected1450:

to receive Soviet-educated personnel who were from the country or had ancestral ethnic connections there, in North Korea such returned members of national diaspora played a more important role than in other countries.

7847:

3423:

are different – Koryo-saram use Russian name practices, but Korean surnames and sometimes Korean names. But most often Christian names are used from the saints of the Russian Orthodox Church, typical for Russians.

3717:

Due to deportation and the continuing urbanization of the population after 1952, the command of Korean among the Koryo-saram has continued to fall. This contrasts with other more rural minority groups such as the

1619:

in North Korea and is dominated by meat soups and salty side dishes. It uses similar cooking techniques but is adapted to local ingredients, which resulted in invention of new dishes. One well-known example is

824:

that Russians called Koreyskaya slabodka (Корейская слабодка, literally means Korean village) and what Koreans called "Gaecheok-ri" (開拓里,개척리) was officially recognized by the Vladivostok authorities. The 1897

3567:

In Korea, until the 20th century, women were generally called by their family name. Nobles received as a pseudo-name the name of the estate in which they lived and this did not change when getting married.

758:, the dialect spoken by Koryo-saram and as a result, only a few (mainly those who have studied Standard Korean) refer to themselves by this name; instead, "Koryo-saram" has come to be the preferred term.1454:

Later, labour migration to South Korea would grow to a large size. As of 2005, as many as 10,000 Uzbekistani nationals worked in South Korea, with most of them being ethnic Koreans. It is estimated that

940:

The events of this period led to the formation of a cohesive identity among the Korean deportees. However, in schools for Soviet Korean children, the government switched Korean language from being the

5214:

4581:[Population census 2001 - Results - National composition of population, language attributes, nationality - of the population distribution by nationality and native language - Koreans].4072:

954:). As a result, subsequent generations lost the use of the Korean language, which J. Otto Pohl described as "emasculat the expression of Korean culture in the Soviet Union. Up until the era of1485:

Koryo-saram have consistently reported feeling social isolation or even employment discrimination when in Korea. The experience of returnees has been portrayed in media, such as the 2011 film

7404:

1368:

1363:, the population has remained roughly stable over the past three censuses: 18,355 (1989), 19,784 (1999), and 17,299 (2009). This contrasts sharply with other non-indigenous groups such as792:. However, the first Koreans in the Russian Empire, 761 families totalling 5,310 people, had actually migrated to Qing territory; the land they had settled on was ceded to Russia by the3987:

3420:

4796:

625:

now widely available in grocery stores there. A significant number of Koryo-saram have either moved temporarily or permanently to South Korea for economic or cultural reasons. The

9919:

9772:

9305:

9538:

3970:"сеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 - Результати - Національний склад населення, мовні ознаки, громадянство - Розподіл населення за національністю та рідною мовою - корейці"4578:Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 - Результати - Національний склад населення, мовні ознаки, громадянство - Розподіл населення за національністю та рідною мовою - корейці865:(literally, "New Korean Village") neighbourhood also provided support to the independence movement, making it a centre for nationalist activities, including arms supply; the5688:

800:

to be a land where they could lead better lives, and so they subsequently migrated there. According to Russian sources early as 1863, 13 Korean households were recorded in

944:

to being taught merely as a second language in 1939, and from 1945 stopped it from being taught entirely; furthermore, the only publication in the Korean language was the

1356:) were in operation. The censuses of Kazakhstan recorded 96,500 Koryo-saram in 1939, 74,000 in 1959, 81,600 in 1970, 92,000 in 1979, 100,700 in 1989, and 99,700 in 1999.7622:

1723:

1375:

The population in Uzbekistan is largely scattered in rural areas. This population has suffered in recent years from linguistic handicaps, as the Koryo-saram there spoke

1231:

in Ukraine 12,711 people defined themselves as ethnic Koreans, up from 8,669 in 1989. Of these only 17.5% gave Korean as their native language. The majority (76%) named

583:

Approximately 500,000 Koryo-saram reside in the former Soviet Union, primarily in the now-independent states of Central Asia. There are also large Korean communities in

8971:

1410:. Like Koreans in other parts of Central Asia, they generally possessed higher incomes compared to members of other ethnic groups. However, with the May 1992 onset of9130:

10117:

7349:

7286:

6471:

1048:

remained the federal district with highest number of Koreans. The Korean population there trace their roots back to a variety of sources. Aside from roughly 33,000

718:

In Standard Korean, the term "Koryo-saram" is typically used to refer to historical figures from the Goryeo dynasty; to avoid ambiguity, Korean speakers use a word

4762:

715:); however, this usage makes no distinctions between ethnic Koreans of the local nationality and the Korean nationals (citizens of North Korea or South Korea).9125:

5038:

6172:

1283:. The largest ethnic representative body, the Association of Koreans in Ukraine, is located in Kharkiv, where roughly 150 Korean families reside; the first7763:

7639:

611:. While the ability to speak Korean has become increasingly rare amongst modern Koryo-saram, they have retained some elements of Korean culture, including5218:

4848:

8634:

8060:

8049:

6297:

4041:

3797:

912:

541:

10112:

9897:

9750:

9283:

5844:, Transformation & Prospect toward Multiethnic, Multiracial & Multicultural Society: Enhancing Intercultural Communication, Asia Culture Forum,3738:, offer cultural experiences and sometimes museums on Koryo-saram and Korean history. In Kazakhstan there is a number of places. In Ushtobe, there is a9516:

832:

9912:

9765:

9298:

7861:

6761:

4201:

10122:

9531:

4628:

5836:

4323:

4005:

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that marks where the Koryo-saram first settled in Kazakhstan. It has a Korean cemetery and memorials for Koryo-saram figures. Also in Ushtobe, the

5401:

4475:

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The Koreans began to migrate to the Russian Empire in 1864 long before women were allowed to be given names in modern Korean tradition in Korea.

10097:

6727:

3991:

7615:

7409:

6865:

6213:

5924:

5807:

3941:"Republic of Kazakhstan population by ethnic origin in 2020". Statistics Committee of Ministry of National Economy of Republic of Kazakhstan.1716:

549:

6524:

4124:

3739:

10107:

10092:

10082:

10077:

9905:

9758:

9291:

5619:

7327:

4258:

1438:

There was some minor return migration of Soviet Koreans to Korea in the first half of the 20th century. They formed 4 main groups: those

9788:

9524:

7342:

5713:

4565:Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Официальные итоги с расширенными перечнями по национальному составу населения и по регионам.7034:

6720:

1049:

999:

10137:

10132:

10102:

9445:

6454:

5934:

5896:

5826:

3735:

3521:

1590:

only. On the other hand, the rituals for the first birthday and sixtieth anniversary have been preserved in their traditional form.

3840:

3835:

1346:, the former capital. For much of the 20th century, this was the only place in Central Asia where a Korean language newspaper (the705:

was also used, more frequently before the collapse of the Soviet Union. Russians may also lump Koryo-saram under the general label

5696:

4098:

10087:

9504:

7608:

3571:

The preservation of his wife's name has been preserved as a tradition among modern Koreans, after women began to be given names.

1749:

1709:

6098:

5752:

9729:

9321:

7317:

5868:

10127:

8850:

7335:

6342:

5423:

3459:

1740:

424:

350:

6011:

5119:

1578:

The ritual life of the Koryo-saram community has changed in various respects. Marriages have taken on the Russian style. At

5964:

5585:

1032:

gave a population of 148,556 Koreans in Russia, of which 75,835 were male and 72,721 female. More than half were living in

8920:

8313:

7527:

7426:

7207:

7177:

6754:

6519:

4932:

3743:

3541:

Currently, 80% of Koryo-saram have a record of their Korean names. This differs from the pattern typical in the US, where

3502:

1123:

6031:

5774:

4245:

10142:

9673:

9494:

9430:

8876:

8560:

7242:

6968:

6860:

6618:

6562:

6273:

6242:

3747:

3474:

3455:

1353:

1188:

921:

that there were possibilities that Japanese would have infiltrate the Russian Far East by means of ethnic Korean spies,

5966:Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. (General Population Census of the Russian Empire in 1897)3730:

There are a number of places in multiple countries that can be visited to learn about Koryo-saram history and culture.

10072:

9160:

7573:

5986:

5396:

4470:

4318:

3397:

1103:

630:

4752:

4055:

9968:

9935:

9725:

9645:

9554:

9499:

9420:

7461:

7192:

7019:

6608:

6164:

6117:

3845:

3755:

3481:

1586:; however, as hardly anyone is left among the Koryo-saram who can write in hanja, the name is generally written in1579:

804:, near Bay of Novgorod. These numbers rose dramatically, and by 1869 Koreans composed 20% of the population of the751:

3448:

1052:

nationals, mostly migrants retracing in reverse the 1937 deportation of their ancestors, between 4,000 and 12,000

9963:

9821:

9415:

9062:

8915:

7522:

7446:

7100:

6236:

6206:

1443:

1175:

1136:

854:

553:

9683:

9633:

9425:

9382:

9216:

8890:

7870:

7502:

7270:

6855:

6828:

6747:

6267:

5241:

5185:

4856:

4678:

3562:

1110:

890:

for the Korean nationality, the Pos'et Korean National Raion; these conducted their activities entirely in the

4150:"Mobility Decision-Making and New Diasporic Spaces: Conceptualizing Korean Diasporas in the Post-Soviet Space"3488:

10013:

9693:

9668:

9475:

8945:

7631:

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6489:

6337:

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6134:

5992:

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1467:

1431:

1228:

1053:

475:

255:

7057:

4704:

10018:

9871:

9742:

9712:

9591:

9372:

8706:

8542:

7497:

7301:

7296:

6261:

5714:"Strategic Adjustments and Countermeasures against Extremist Forces of Central Asian Countries after 9/11"5529:

5477:

4211:

2508:

2310:

1149:

809:

735:

7842:

7079:

6994:

840:

In the early 20th century, both Russia and Korea came into conflict with Japan. Following the end of the

438:

364:

9841:

9816:

9627:

9603:

9387:

8998:

8711:

8682:

8619:

7436:

7431:

7394:

7365:

7237:

7232:

7014:

5849:

4016:

3930:

3470:

3379:

3127:

3077:

2482:

2452:

2288:

2188:

2098:

2034:

1411:

1162:

1079:

1070:

1037:

1029:

983:

941:

826:

734:, meaning the same as "Koryo-saram") to refer to ethnic Koreans in the post-Soviet states. However, the31:

7110:

6989:

4503:

7456:

5265:

10040:

9998:

9973:

9678:

9621:

9609:

9585:

9440:

9377:

9145:

7947:

7466:

7399:

7159:

7084:

7024:

7004:

6999:

6946:

6913:

6883:

6840:

6586:

6285:

6199:

5043:

4801:

4564:

3820:

3225:

3149:

3105:

3045:

2919:

2891:

2795:

2700:

2588:

2564:

2356:

2236:

2120:

1964:

899:

866:

793:

970:

was the only ethnic Korean who had a combat role on the Soviet side. He notably participated in the

10045:

10003:

9861:

9720:

9688:

9615:

9480:

9465:

9455:

9013:

9003:

8990:

8808:

8701:

8687:

7856:

7507:

7492:

7487:

7067:

7029:

7009:

6963:

6951:

6898:

6628:

6479:

6366:

6146:

5369:

3825:

3775:

2402:

2142:

2068:

1770:

1674:

1599:

1479:

626:

616:

6578:

5503:

5153:[Family Traditions and Customs of Koreans Living in Kazakhstan] (in Russian). world.lib.ru5009:

4982:

9978:

9836:

9651:

9367:

9272:

9211:

9165:

9057:

8984:

8900:

8384:

7517:

7227:

7187:

7142:

7041:

6941:

6461:

6291:

5590:

5562:

4177:

2977:

2332:

1846:

1387:, many lost their jobs due to being unable to speak the national language. Some emigrated to the1364:

1236:

1208:

1089:

926:

850:

846:

841:

634:

530:

144:

6651:

6046:

5723:, Fort Monroe, Virginia: U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command, pp.47–82, archived from5451:

3746:

has a museum with authentic houses and historical materials on display. In Almaty, there is the

3545:

parents often register their children with a Korean given name as their legal middle name (e.g.

561:

4554:Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года Национальный состав населения по федеральным округам4264:

1575:, they adopted Western-style dress rather than the clothing worn by the Central Asian peoples.1482:

in Seoul. Several of these communities are also host to Russian speakers of other ethnicities.

1287:

school was opened in 1996 under their direction. Some of the most famous Korean-Ukrainians are

8931:

8925:

8905:

8861:

8672:

8391:

7563:

7532:

7512:

7482:

7387:

7197:

7182:

6973:

6908:

6888:

6845:

6778:

6676:

5920:

5892:

5822:

5803:

5661:(in Russian) (47). Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences: 58–625595:

5290:

5065:

4169:

4035:

3830:

3550:

1616:

975:

971:

5724:

5648:

3865:

Nouns in Korean do not inflect for number unless it is needed to avoid ambiguity, therefore "

1418:

members exploded a bomb in a Korean Christian church in Dushanbe, killing 9 and wounding 30.

9150:

9008:

8952:

8736:

8609:

8437:

8241:

8203:

8010:

7548:

7451:

7202:

7149:

7074:

7062:

6958:

6936:

6893:

6850:

6823:

6786:

6484:

6125:

5910:

4907:

4876:

4161:

1463:

1388:

1376:

1232:

1057:

1045:

966:

During the August to September 1945 Soviet military campaign to liberate Korea, Koryo-saram

879:

813:

649:

534:

506:

461:

288:

239:

8756:

10033:

10028:

9231:

9206:

9135:

9091:

9039:

8965:

8573:

8520:

8492:

8485:

8464:

8350:

8188:

8178:

7954:

7568:

7441:

7105:

6903:

6835:

6770:

6152:

5845:

5744:

Proceedings of 2002 Conference of the Association for the Study of Overseas Koreans (ASOK)

5534:

5508:

5428:

5374:

5014:

4987:

4206:

3815:

3700:

3683:

3592:

3542:

1300:

1292:

1284:

1041:

1022:

967:

891:

817:

584:

518:

267:

6103:

5942:

4902:

3495:

6158:

5148:

1040:

gave a population of 153,156 Koreans in Russia, this time more than half were living in

9826:

9196:

9186:

8895:

8855:

8821:

8790:

8783:

8721:

8647:

8624:

8478:

8443:

8193:

8073:

8031:

7961:

7758:

7739:

7734:

7421:

6494:

6416:

6347:

6082:

4508:

3809:

3666:

3649:

3546:

3203:

1685:

1471:

1415:

1380:

934:

862:

805:

679:

4073:"POPULATION, 31 DECEMBER 2021 by Year, Ethnic nationality, Place of residence and Sex"3848:, whose predecessors were founded by Korean nationalists in exile in the Soviet Union.1426:

10066:

9851:

9831:

9579:

9470:

9435:

9221:

9181:

9067:

9023:

8979:

8868:

8803:

8798:

8776:

8751:

8731:

8614:

8513:

8506:

8499:

8471:

8377:

8370:

8356:

8183:

8164:

8159:

8146:

8024:

7899:

7799:

7768:

7589:

7414:

7382:

6641:

6636:

5838:

Migration, Ethnicity and Citizenship: Ethnic-Korean Returnees in the Russian Far East

5795:

5758:

5674:

Back, Tae-Hyun (2004). "The social reality faced by ethnic Koreans in Central Asia".

5295:

5210:

5124:[Funeral rites] (in Russian). korea.narod.ru. 18 January 2006. Archived from5070:

3917:

3802:

3719:

2947:

1868:

1792:

1327:

1304:

1217:

1060:

have also come to the region to settle, invest, and/or engage in cross-border trade.

922:

874:

263:

6160:[20분 요약] 100년 전 우리나라의 모습을 담은 영상 발굴! "김씨네 이야기" | 현대사 아카이브 발굴 프로젝트 (KBS 200904 방송)3951:

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9344:

9262:

9018:

8604:

8527:

8457:

8427:

8298:

8283:

8278:

8268:

8154:

8093:

7997:

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7919:

7831:

7826:

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7677:

6807:

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6691:

6666:

6554:

6499:

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Soviet censuses: Introduction to the census data, legend to the tables, and sources

5876:

4680:

Population and Housing Census 2009. Chapter 3.1. Resident population by nationality

4553:

3789:

3586:

In Korea, it is common for siblings and cousins of the same generation to have one

3534:

Legislation of the Russian Empire in issuing documents required the father's name.

1630:

that uses carrots. It has become popular in many parts of the former Soviet Union.

1604:

1509:

1475:

1447:

1434:, which is one of the largest ethnic enclaves of Koryo-saram in South Korea. (2022)1403:

1308:

1276:

979:

789:

604:

565:

557:

545:

163:

5780:

5557:

3754:

is operated by Koryo-saram, and serves Koryo-saram cuisine. Near Cafe Lily is the

929:

signed Resolution 1428-326 ss, "On the Exile of the Korean Population from border

829:

found 26,005 Korean speakers (16,225 men and 9,780 women) in the whole of Russia.

6017:

5659:

Population and Society: Newsletter of the Centre for Demography and Human Ecology

5125:

3952:"Total population by nationality - Open Data - Statistics of the Kyrgyz Republic"9983:

9252:

9191:

9117:

8835:

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8288:

8118:

7926:

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6686:

6681:

6671:

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6449:

6279:

6249:

6066:

5970:

3437:

3416:

3413:

in Korea and pronounced as пой among Koryo-saram) denoting the place of origin.

2859:

1456:

1439:

1323:

1288:

1018:

1014:

858:

821:

638:

612:

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6016:, Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 9 October 2002, archived from5776:

Who were the Soviet Koreans? The left-right confrontation in Korea – Its origin

1010:

9939:

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9792:

9783:

9558:

9549:

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3806:

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1395:

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1360:

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1339:

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1221:

1033:

652:. Some may identify as Koryo-saram, but many do not. This has led to the term600:

577:

573:

183:

126:

106:

66:

4125:"A Land They Never Knew: Ethnic Koreans From Ukraine Seeking Help in the ROK"1372:

in 2001. South Korean Christian missionaries are also active in the country.

676:

The term by which they refer to themselves is composed of two Korean words: "

9886:

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9081:

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6089:

International Center for Korean Studies of Lomonosov Moscow State University

5456:

3931:Всероссийская перепись населения 2010. Национальный состав населения РФ 20103751:

3610:

1622:

1608:

1296:

1021:, one of the most popular and musically influential bands in the history of946:

755:

621:

588:

498:

243:

6088:

6075:

Tashkent Representation of the Institute of Asian Culture and Development (

5996:

4957:

4903:"[Weekender] Koryoin from Ukraine find new home in ancestors' land"1213:

7600:

5915:

5599:

4173:

9267:

9101:

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8716:

8596:

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1529:

1399:

1256:

1252:

955:

776:

645:

596:

259:

4181:

4149:

1462:

A number of Koryo-saram communities now exist in South Korea, including

9988:

9856:

9597:

9460:

9349:

9339:

9226:

9155:

9096:

9052:

8578:

8553:

8547:

8422:

8404:

8399:

8231:

8216:

8128:

8088:

8083:

8078:

7992:

7884:

7778:

7715:

7705:

7697:

6661:

6374:

6121:

5798:(2002). "The Emergence of the Soviet faction in North Korea, 1945-55".4504:"어진「양반」洪命熹, 가난한 인민들 안타까워한 崔承喜,「순수문학가」로 몰려 고민하던 李泰俊… 홍명희의 병간호 받다 숨진 李光洙"4165:

3462: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.1549:

1519:

1407:

1268:

1264:

1240:

998:

Scholars estimated that roughly 470,000 Koryo-saram were living in the

974:. Chŏng and a number of other Koryo-saram joined North Korea after the797:

608:

569:

526:

284:

223:

203:

139:

5329:

5266:"Korean glass noodle salad "Funchosa" detailed photo and video recipe"4099:"Ukrainian Refugees of Korean Descent Seek Fresh Start in South Korea"3783:

10023:

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9876:

9803:

9399:

9201:

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9086:

8746:

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8068:

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7978:

7970:

7891:

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7793:

7360:

6713:

6439:

6409:

5504:"Korean Theater of Kazakhstan carries legacy of independence fighter"1635:

1627:

1587:

1572:

1487:

1343:

1280:

1272:

801:

784:

698:

619:

has become popular throughout the former Soviet Union, with the dish

387:

313:

86:

1311:. After 2001, many Koreans migrated into Ukraine from Central Asia.820:

was founded in 1870 by Korean migrants. Another Korean village near

816:; the local governors encouraged them to naturalize. The village of10008:

9866:

9698:

9028:

8882:

8842:

8770:

8762:

8432:

8345:

8331:

8263:

8221:

8139:

7726:

6739:

6395:

5873:

Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative Case Studies

3587:

3023:

1641:

1603:

1583:

1539:

1425:

1330:, was a notable member of the Koryo-saram community in Kyrgyzstan.1318:

1248:

1212:

1009:

831:

770:

644:

There is also a separate ethnic Korean community on the island of

401:

327:

271:

5746:(in Korean), Seoul: Association for the Study of Overseas Koreans3918:"Опубликованы данные об этническом составе населения Узбекистана"1056:

can be found in the region. Smaller numbers of South Koreans and

9247:

3563:

Married and maiden names §Russia and some Slavic countries

3355:

3321:

2210:

1992:

1818:

1260:

1244:

933:

of the Far East Kray", on 21 August. According to the report of

918:

878:(indigenisation) resulted in the creation of 105 Korean village849:

did nothing to slow migration; after the repression of the 1919

9901:

9754:

9520:

9287:

7604:

7331:

6743:

6195:

6182:

6074:

6047:

Association of Scientific and Technological Societies Koreans (

5721:

Proceedings of the Central Asia Symposium, Monterey, California

6191:

3596:. Russians have no equivalent practice, although they do have3590:

syllable in common among all of their names; this is known as

3431:

2258:

1459:

from South Korea to Uzbekistan exceed $ 100 million annually.

5620:"In Brooklyn, a Korean pastor leads a Russian-speaking flock"5150:Семейные Традиции И Обычаи Корейцев, Проживающих В Казахстане4686:(in Russian), Bishkek: National Committee on Statistics, 2010982:, became key figures in that government, where they formed a836:

March 1st Movement anniversary protests in Vladivostok (1920)

5653:[Republic in the Mirror of the Population Censuses]5033:

5031:

4983:"Seoul's Central Asian enclave undergoes demographic change"958:, it was not permitted to speak openly of the deportations.6108:(also known as "Atazhurt") - film about Kazakhstani Koreans6099:

Koryo Saram Resource of the Central Asian Fulbright Project

5935:"Korean Business and Culture in Former Soviet Central Asia"540:

In 1937, the Korean population in the Russian Far East was

5800:

From Stalin to Kim: The Formation of North Korea 1945-1960

5586:"At Cafe Lily, the Korean-Uzbek Menu Evokes a Past Exodus"5066:""마리우폴에 있는 집 폭격 피해 한국행… 고려인 밥심은 나물 반찬"[나를 살리는 밥심]"5010:"[SPECIAL REPORT] Koryoin feel at home in Gwangju"4933:"Can Technology Solve Hambak Village's Littering Problem?"6093:

5039:"'Hanaan' probes the complex identities of Korean-Uzbeks"4056:"НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СТАТИСТИЧЕСКИЙ КОМИТЕТ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ"1615:

The cuisine of the Koryo-saram is closest to that of the

5452:"Park in Kazakhstan honoring ethnic Koreans to be built"6175:

242-MID-5153) of Koryo-saram in Uzbekistan in the 1940s

5869:"Establishing a boarding school for Koreans in Ukraine"5742:

Ki, Kwangseo (December 2002), "구소련 한인사회의 역사적 변천과 현실 ",

4706:

Kyrgyzstan: Ethnic Minority Expands Ties to South Korea

3758:, a Russian-speaking Christian church for Koryo-saram.5370:"Ussuriysk, foothold of Korea's independence movement"4757:[Civil War in Tajikistan and Korean Ethnics].1334:

The majority of Koryo-saram in Central Asia reside in

9741:

Ethnic group statistics according to the 2009 census

6139:

6094:

Koryo Saram: the Unreliable People (documentary film)

6058:

5102:

5100:

4441:

4439:

4437:

4352:

4350:

4348:

4346:

3616:

Languages among the Soviet Union's Korean population

3956:

National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic

857:, migration actually intensified. Korean leaders in685:

677:

443:

429:

369:

355:

9711:

9661:

9572:

9565:

9408:

9360:

9332:

9240:

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8312:

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8059:

8048:

7638:

7582:

7475:

7372:

7279:

7258:

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7220:

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7130:

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7093:

7050:

6982:

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6777:

6705:

6627:

6547:

6534:

6512:

6470:

6429:

6365:

6326:

6313:

6229:

4286:

4284:

533:, who descend from Koreans that were living in the474:

460:

455:

437:

423:

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400:

386:

381:

363:

349:

344:

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312:

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278:

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193:

173:

153:

136:

116:

96:

76:

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51:

41:

5907:Korean Diaspora – Central Asia, Siberia and Beyond4958:"[부산 고려인마을①] 초량 TCK 하우스 가면, 고려인삶이 온전히 보인다"3578:(List of names of saints of the Orthodox Church).564:. They have since dispersed throughout the former919:People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD)697:in "Koryo-saram" originated from the name of the548:. A number of early Koryo-saram were significant5779:, Association for Asian Research, archived from3734:throughout the former Soviet Union, such as the767:Immigration to the Russian Far East and Siberia6059:CIS Koreans Information Web-Site of ARIRANG.RU5905:Reckel, Johannes; Schatz, Merle, eds. (2020),4529:

4368:

1342:. Korean culture in Kazakhstan is centered in783:The early 19th century saw the decline of the701:from which "Korea" was also derived. The name9913:

9766:

9532:

9299:

7616:

7343:

6755:

6207:

5450:Oh, Hyun Woo; Lee, Jihae (November 8, 2019).5217:. Russia Beyond the Headlines. Archived from1717:

1571:education. Although they soon ceased to wear1239:. The largest concentrations can be found in710:

659:

480:

466:

8:

4926:

4924:

4246:Koryo-saram category on the Korean wikipedia1668:

745:

739:

729:

723:

406:

392:

332:

318:

24:

6120:– A 1946 Soviet documentary about a Korean5676:Korean and Korean American Studies Bulletin4497:

4495:

4493:

4202:"Koreans in Russia: Historical Perspective"1235:as their native language, while 5.5% named9920:

9906:

9898:

9773:

9759:

9751:

9569:

9539:

9525:

9517:

9306:

9292:

9284:

8056:

7623:

7609:

7601:

7350:

7336:

7328:

7255:

7127:

6926:

6762:

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6544:

6467:

6362:

6323:

6298:Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union6214:

6200:

6192:

6179:

5719:, in Charles Hawkins; Robert Love (eds.),5647:Alekseenko, Aleksandr Nikolaevich (2000).4665:

3798:Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union1724:

1710:

1700:

1394:There is also a small Korean community in1391:, but found life difficult there as well.913:Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union415:

341:

30:

23:

5914:

5712:Dong, Xiaoyang; Su, Chang (August 2005),5356:

4313:

4311:

3522:Learn how and when to remove this message5650:Республика в зеркале переписей населения4615:

4195:

4193:

4191:

4085:

3614:

1062:

5889:Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937-19495867:Pavlenko, Valentina Nikolaevna (1999),5402:Encyclopedia of Overseas Korean Culture4629:"Why has Ukraine become disillusioned?"4476:Encyclopedia of Overseas Korean Culture4324:Encyclopedia of Overseas Korean Culture3909:

3858:

1017:, singer and songwriter who co-founded10118:Korean expatriates in the Soviet Union6728:Sen-bong (Avangard: Koreyskiy Kolkhoz)6167:– footage from a Soviet film entitled5941:, Stockholm University, archived from5757:, Al-Farabi University, archived from5242:"한식 대중화의 일등 공신 고려인 동포, 그들을 위한 배려의 필요성"4834:

4822:

4783:

4040:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (4033:

1491:, by Koryo-saram director Ruslan Pak.812:, Koreans outnumbered Russians in the295:

5424:"고려인 최초 정착지에 세운 '추모의 벽'… 15人 독립영웅 우뚝"4583:State Statistics Committee of Ukraine4263:, East Rock Institute, archived from4200:Ban, Byung-yool (22 September 2004).684:", a historical name for Korea, and "7:

4738:

4457:

4428:

4416:

4404:

4356:

4302:

4232:

3460:adding citations to reliable sources898:, had a circulation of 10,000). The867:Japanese attacked it on 4 April 192052:Regions with significant populations6113:Sen-bong (Vanguard: Korean Kolkhoz)6032:Koreans of The South Ussury in 18795478:"Музей истории коре сарам в Уштобе"5315:

5171:

5106:

5091:

4751:Choe, Yeong-ha (13 December 1998).4726:

4653:

4541:

4445:

4392:

4380:

4337:

4319:"블라디보스토크의 한인마을은 왜 신한촌이라고 불리게 되었을까?"4290:

7138:Commonwealth of Independent States6721:Koryo Saram: The Unreliable People5359:, Tables for 1970, 1979, and 1989.4931:Jeon, Hai Ri (December 27, 2021).4703:Sparling, Evan (21 October 2009),4603:

1000:Commonwealth of Independent States796:in 1860. Many peasants considered568:, with significant populations in14:

7320:off the northwest coast of Africa6455:Korean Cultural Center, Ussuriysk5184:Moskin, Julia (18 January 2006).4849:"Scattered Koreans turn homeward"4765:from the original on 26 June 20044103:Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada1633:Other examples of dishes include1402:, with smaller concentrations in917:In 1937, facing reports from the808:. Prior to the completion of the690:", meaning "person" or "people".633:, has motivated several thousand16:Ethnic Koreans in the former USSR9929:

9782:

9548:

9505:Assembly of People of Kazakhstan9315:

7359:

6806:

6801:

6525:Kazakhstan–Korea Friendship Park5909:, Universitätsverlag Göttingen,5751:Kim, German Nikolaevich (2003),3782:

3768:

3740:Kazakhstan–Korea Friendship Park3436:

962:Liberation and division of Korea882:(councils) in mixed-nationality591:), the Russian Far East (around216:

196:

176:

156:

138:

119:

99:

79:

59:

36:Koryo-saram in Uzbekistan (1937)10123:Soviet people of Korean descent6081:— an Association of Koreans in5939:Forum for Central Asian Studies5186:"The Silk Road Leads to Queens"4797:"The long journey of Korejskij"3447:needs additional citations for1352:) and Korean language theater (7764:Indigenous peoples of Dagestan6343:North Korean standard language5969:, Demoscope.ru, archived from4502:Bae, Jin-yeong (August 2007),1669:

1054:North Korean migrant labourers978:. Some Koryo-saram, including746:

740:

730:

724:

444:

430:

370:

356:

1:

10098:Ethnic groups in Turkmenistan7318:autonomous community of Spain6520:Karatal Korean History Center5802:. London: C. Hurst & Co.5584:Mishan, Ligaya (2017-02-16).5334:[Korean bons (poi)].4981:Kwak, Yeon-soo (2018-06-28).4901:Jung-youn, Lee (2023-02-24).4123:Rinna, Anthony (2022-08-17).3744:Karatal Korean History Center1124:Northwestern Federal District550:Korean independence activists10113:Korea–Soviet Union relations9495:Demographics of Central Asia6619:Korean Theatre of Kazakhstan6274:Korean Northern Army Command6243:Korean independence movement5687:Chang, Jon (February 2005).5502:Kwon, Mee-yoo (2023-08-19).4847:Baek, Il-hyun (2005-09-14),4257:King, Ross; Kim, German N.,3841:Russia–South Korea relations3836:North Korea–Russia relations3812:who settled in Central Asia.1383:. After the independence of1354:Korean Theatre of Kazakhstan1189:Far Eastern Federal District664:) for Koryo-saram, meaning "10108:Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan10093:Ethnic groups in Tajikistan10083:Ethnic groups in Kyrgyzstan10078:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan6969:South Korea (North Koreans)6151:'vanguard') now in6140:

5147:Min, L. V. (2 April 2011).5008:Lee, Hyo-jin (2022-04-01).4877:"맛과 눈으로, 땟골마을에 녹아든 고려인 정착기"4473:[Chŏng Sang-chin],3398:List of Korean family names1761:

1580:Korean traditional funerals1573:traditional Korean clothing1195:

1192:

1182:

1179:

1169:

1166:

1156:

1153:

1143:

1140:

1130:

1127:

1117:

1114:

1096:

1093:

907:Deportation to Central Asia686:

678:

648:, typically referred to as631:Russian invasion of Ukraine481:

10161:

9500:Demographics of Kazakhstan6609:All Nations Baptist Church5933:Schlyter, Bridget (2004),5558:"광주 고려인마을에 고려인역사박물관 건립 추진"5328:Kim, Yong-un (June 2001).3756:All Nations Baptist Church3608:

3560:

3395:

1704:Romanization/Cyrillization1597:

1564:Not Answered (5.16%)1440:sent for intelligence work1206:

910:

9959:

9946:

9812:

9799:

9739:

9489:

7314:

6798:

6237:Korea under Japanese rule6189:

6184:Links to related articles6129:

5985:Trosterud, Trond (2000),4061:(in Russian). p.32.3974:www.2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua3557:Surnames of married women1745:

1736:

1697:Personal and family names1422:Return migration to Korea1176:Siberian Federal District1137:Southern Federal District1101:

1058:ethnic Koreans from China984:faction of Soviet Koreans711:

660:

522:

510:

502:

488:

467:

414:

407:

393:

340:

333:

319:

303:

283:

254:

238:

46:

29:

10138:Ethnic groups in Estonia10133:Ethnic groups in Belarus10103:Ethnic groups in Ukraine6268:Korean Independence Army6105:Zheruiyk - Promised land5773:Kim, Young-Sik (2003b),5649:

5330:

5149:

5120:

4753:

4577:

3869:" translates as either "3736:one in Ussuriysk, Russia3421:Russian naming practices1502:Religion of Koryo-saram1444:Japanese colonial period1111:Central Federal District855:Japanese-colonised Korea554:Japanese colonial period10088:Ethnic groups in Russia7632:Ethnic groups in Russia6490:Gwangju Koryoin Village6338:Cyrillization of Korean6304:August faction incident5835:Lee, Jeanyoung (2006),5817:Lee, Kwang-kyu (2000),5538:(in Korean). 2017-06-255074:(in Korean). 2022-05-224883:(in Korean). 2022-03-274244:See, for instance, the4148:Saveliev, Igor (2010).3877:" depending on context.3846:Workers' Party of Korea3732:Korean Cultural Centers3417:Korean naming practices3402:Cyrillization of Korean1468:Gwangju Koryoin Village1432:Gwangju Koryoin Village1412:civil war in Tajikistan886:, as well as an entire7302:South Korean defectors7297:North Korean defectors7155:Russia (North Koreans)7035:North Korean defectors6262:Korean Socialist Party5887:Pohl, J. Otto (1999),5689:"Central Asia or Bust"3805:, the Turkic name for1612:

1435:

1430:Community centers for1331:

1291:, current governor of1224:

1150:Volga Federal District1025:

837:

810:Trans-Siberian Railway780:

699:Goryeo (Koryŏ) Dynasty629:, especially the 202210128:Ethnic groups in Asia7366:Immigration to Russia5916:10.17875/gup2020-13075821:, Seoul: Jimoondang,5291:"우리 음식 지켜 온 중앙亞 고려인들"1611:(Korean carrot salad)1607:

1429:

1322:

1216:

1163:Ural Federal District1013:

942:medium of instruction872:The Soviet policy of835:

827:Russian Empire Census774:

279:Related ethnic groups256:Orthodox Christianity9175:Unrecognized peoples8661:Other ethnic peoples7948:Amur-Ussuri Cossacks6286:Shinhanchon Incident5993:University of Tromsø5875:(30), archived from5754:Names of Koryo-saram5556:강, 성철 (2019-01-04).5530:"광주고려인마을, 역사박물관 열었다"5422:권, 형석 (2022-08-15).5331:Корейские боны (пои)5289:이, 은주 (2011-11-02).5240:이, 명숙 (2017-02-28).5221:on 28 September 20135044:Korea JoongAng Daily4956:임, 영상 (2023-06-14).4802:Korea JoongAng Daily4585:(in Ukrainian). 20033821:Koreans in Kamchatka3456:improve this article1558:Others (0.14%)847:Bolshevik Revolution794:Convention of Peking425:Revised Romanization351:Revised Romanization10143:Koryo-saram society9241:Assimilated peoples7843:Meadow-Eastern Mari6480:Central Asia Street6067:Lib.Ru: the Koreans6020:on 29 February 20165882:on 24 November 20045855:on 23 December 20164530:Russian Census 20024369:Russian Census 18973826:List of Koryo-saram3776:Soviet Union portal3617:

1731:

1600:Koryo-saram cuisine1480:Central Asia Street1369:migrated to Germany1301:Russo-Ukrainian war666:continental Koreans627:Russo-Ukrainian War617:Koryo-saram cuisine531:former Soviet Union26:

10073:Koryo-saram people9273:Siberian Bukharans8433:Aukhovite Chechens8385:Siberian Bukharans7727:Aukhovite Chechens7131:Post-Soviet states6292:Free City Incident5999:on 20 October 20085761:on 30 October 20035591:The New York Times5563:Yonhap News Agency5213:(21 August 2012).5190:The New York Times4784:Dong & Su 20054270:on 30 October 20034166:10.5509/20108334814022:on 16 January 20133615:

1755:Alterative English1702:Korean surnames in1701:

1617:Hamgyong provinces1613:

1436:

1332:

1307:, former mayor of1299:, actor killed in1225:

1209:Koreans in Ukraine1090:Russian Federation1026:

927:Vyacheslav Molotov851:March 1st Movement842:Russo-Japanese War838:

781:

10060:

10059:

10054:

10053:

9895:

9894:

9748:

9747:

9730:Roman Catholicism9707:

9706:

9514:

9513:

9409:Minorities <1%9361:Minorities >1%9281:

9280:

8934:

8932:Astrakhan Kazakhs8656:

8655:

8392:Zabolotnie Tatars7871:Northwestern Mari7598:

7597:

7558:

7551:

7544:

7418:

7325:

7324:

7310:

7309:

7216:

7215:

7119:

7118:

6737:

6736:

6677:Tatyana Bakalchuk6604:

6603:

6508:

6507:

6425:

6424:

6355:

6354:

6150:

6138:

6124:named "Sŏnbong" (5926:978-3-86395-451-25809:978-1-85065-563-35699:on 7 October 20085121:Похоронные обряды4431:, pp.13–14.3920:. 20 August 2021.3831:Russians in Korea3715:

3714:

3634:Total population3551:Harold Hongju Koh3532:

3531:

3524:

3506:

3394:

3393:

1200:

1199:

1104:federal districts1036:. Meanwhile, the976:division of Korea972:Seishin Operation775:A Korean home in635:Ukrainian Koreans492:

491:

451:

450:

439:McCune–Reischauer382:South Korean name377:

376:

365:McCune–Reischauer294:

293:

10150:

9934:

9933:

9922:

9915:

9908:

9899:

9787:

9786:

9775:

9768:

9761:

9752:

9570:

9553:

9552:

9541:

9534:

9527:

9518:

9320:

9319:

9308:

9301:

9294:

9285:

9212:Crimean Italians9120:

9076:

9042:

9009:Meskhetian Turks8993:

8974:

8955:

8953:Sakhalin Koreans8948:

8930:

8885:

8871:

8864:

8845:

8838:

8831:

8824:

8817:

8793:

8786:

8779:

8765:

8737:Crimean Karaites8696:

8599:

8592:

8563:

8556:

8537:

8530:

8523:

8516:

8509:

8502:

8495:

8488:

8481:

8474:

8467:

8460:

8453:

8446:

8394:

8387:

8380:

8373:

8366:

8359:

8340:

8258:

8173:

8149:

8142:

8057:

8034:

8027:

8020:

8013:

8011:Astrakhan Tatars8006:

7987:

7973:

7964:

7957:

7950:

7943:

7929:

7922:

7908:

7894:

7887:

7873:

7866:

7865:

7852:

7851:

7821:

7802:

7753:

7729:

7700:

7693:

7686:

7672:

7665:

7658:

7625:

7618:

7611:

7602:

7554:

7547:

7540:

7412:

7364:

7363:

7352:

7345:

7338:

7329:

7256:

7128:

6927:

6811:

6810:

6805:

6764:

6757:

6750:

6741:

6545:

6485:Ttaetgol Village6468:

6363:

6324:

6216:

6209:

6202:

6193:

6180:

6161:

6145:

6143:

6133:

6131:

6114:

6073:

6065:

6057:

6045:

6028:

6027:

6025:

6007:

6006:

6004:

5995:, archived from5981:

5980:

5978:

5953:

5952:

5950:

5929:

5918:

5901:

5883:

5881:

5863:

5862:

5860:

5854:

5848:, archived from5843:

5831:

5819:Overseas Koreans5813:

5791:

5790:

5788:

5769:

5768:

5766:

5747:

5738:

5737:

5735:

5730:on 10 April 20085729:

5718:

5708:

5706:

5704:

5695:. Archived from5683:

5670:

5668:

5666:

5656:

5635:

5634:

5632:

5631:

5616:

5610:

5609:

5607:

5606:

5581:

5575:

5574:

5572:

5571:

5553:

5547:

5546:

5544:

5543:

5526:

5520:

5519:

5517:

5516:

5499:

5493:

5492:

5490:

5489:

5474:

5468:

5467:

5465:

5464:

5447:

5441:

5440:

5438:

5437:

5419:

5413:

5412:

5410:

5409:

5393:

5387:

5386:

5384:

5383:

5366:

5360:

5354:

5348:

5347:

5345:

5343:

5325:

5319:

5313:

5307:

5306:

5304:

5303:

5286:

5280:

5279:

5277:

5276:

5262:

5256:

5255:

5253:

5252:

5237:

5231:

5230:

5228:

5226:

5207:

5201:

5200:

5198:

5196:

5181:

5175:

5169:

5163:

5162:

5160:

5158:

5144:

5138:

5137:

5135:

5133:

5128:on 19 April 20115116:

5110:

5104:

5095:

5089:

5083:

5082:

5080:

5079:

5062:

5056:

5055:

5053:

5052:

5035:

5026:

5025:

5023:

5022:

5005:

4999:

4998:

4996:

4995:

4978:

4972:

4971:

4969:

4968:

4953:

4947:

4946:

4944:

4943:

4928:

4919:

4918:

4916:

4915:

4908:The Korea Herald4898:

4892:

4891:

4889:

4888:

4873:

4867:

4866:

4865:

4864:

4855:, archived from4844:

4838:

4832:

4826:

4820:

4814:

4813:

4811:

4810:

4793:

4787:

4781:

4775:

4774:

4772:

4770:

4748:

4742:

4736:

4730:

4724:

4718:

4717:

4716:

4714:

4700:

4694:

4693:

4692:

4691:

4685:

4675:

4669:

4663:

4657:

4651:

4645:

4644:

4642:

4641:

4625:

4619:

4613:

4607:

4601:

4595:

4594:

4592:

4590:

4573:

4567:

4562:

4556:

4551:

4545:

4539:

4533:

4527:

4521:

4520:

4519:

4517:

4499:

4488:

4487:

4486:

4484:

4467:

4461:

4455:

4449:

4443:

4432:

4426:

4420:

4414:

4408:

4402:

4396:

4390:

4384:

4378:

4372:

4366:

4360:

4354:

4341:

4335:

4329:

4328:

4315:

4306:

4300:

4294:

4288:

4279:

4278:

4277:

4275:

4269:

4254:

4248:

4242:

4236:

4230:

4224:

4223:

4221:

4219:

4214:on 18 March 20054210:. Archived from4197:

4186:

4185:

4145:

4139:

4138:

4136:

4135:

4120:

4114:

4113:

4111:

4110:

4105:. March 28, 20234095:

4089:

4083:

4077:

4076:

4069:

4063:

4062:

4060:

4052:

4046:

4045:

4039:

4031:

4029:

4027:

4021:

4015:. Archived from4010:

4002:

3996:

3995:

3990:. Archived from3988:"今話題のニュース配信サービス"3984:

3978:

3977:

3966:

3960:

3959:

3948:

3942:

3939:

3933:

3928:

3922:

3921:

3914:

3898:

3894:

3888:

3884:

3878:

3863:

3792:

3787:

3786:

3778:

3773:

3772:

3771:

3618:

3582:Generation names3527:

3520:

3516:

3513:

3507:

3505:

3464:

3440:

3432:

1732:

1726:

1719:

1712:

1672:

1671:

1563:

1557:

1547:

1537:

1527:

1517:

1507:

1464:Ttaetgol Village1389:Russian Far East1326:, a Kyrgyzstani1063:

1046:Russian Far East814:Russian Far East749:

748:

743:

742:

738:morpheme "-in" (733:

732:

727:

726:

714:

713:

689:

683:

663:

662:

650:Sakhalin Koreans535:Russian Far East524:

512:

504:

484:

470:

469:

447:

446:

433:

432:

416:

410:

409:

396:

395:

373:

372:

359:

358:

342:

336:

335:

322:

321:

296:

289:Sakhalin Koreans226:

222:

220:

219:

206:

202:

200:

199:

186:

182:

180:

179:

166:

162:

160:

159:

143:

142:

129:

125:

123:

122:

109:

105:

103:

102:

89:

85:

83:

82:

69:

65:

63:

62:

42:Total population34:

27:

10160:

10159:

10153:

10152:

10151:

10149:

10148:

10147:

10063:

10062:

10061:

10056:

10055:

10050:

9955:

9942:

9928:

9926:

9896:

9891:

9808:

9795:

9781:

9779:

9749:

9744:

9735:

9703:

9657:

9561:

9547:

9545:

9515:

9510:

9509:

9485:

9404:

9356:

9328:

9314:

9312:

9282:

9277:

9236:

9207:Caucasus Greeks9170:

9116:

9072:

9040:Kola Norwegians9038:

8989:

8970:

8951:

8944:

8881:

8867:

8860:

8841:

8834:

8827:

8820:

8813:

8789:

8782:

8775:

8761:

8692:

8652:

8629:

8595:

8588:

8559:

8552:

8533:

8526:

8519:

8512:

8505:

8498:

8491:

8484:

8477:

8470:

8463:

8456:

8449:

8442:

8409:

8390:

8383:

8376:

8369:

8362:

8355:

8351:Siberian Tatars8336:

8308:

8254:

8236:

8198:

8169:

8145:

8138:

8051:

8044:

8030:

8023:

8016:

8009:

8000:

7983:

7969:

7960:

7955:Baikal Cossacks7953:

7946:

7939:

7925:

7918:

7904:

7890:

7883:

7869:

7859:

7855:

7845:

7841:

7817:

7798:

7749:

7725:

7696:

7689:

7682:

7668:

7661:

7654:

7641:

7634:

7629:

7599:

7594:

7578:

7471:

7368:

7358:

7356:

7326:

7321:

7306:

7275:

7271:Zainichi Korean7247:

7212:

7166:

7115:

7089:

7046:

6978:

6918:

6872:

6812:

6800:

6796:

6773:

6771:Korean diaspora6768:

6738:

6733:

6701:

6652:Chŏng Sang-chin6623:

6600:

6543:

6530:

6504:

6466:

6421:

6361:

6351:

6322:

6309:

6225:

6220:

6185:

6159:

6153:Shieli District6112:

6071:

6063:

6055:

6043:

6040:

6023:

6021:

6010:

6002:

6000:

5984:

5976:

5974:

5963:

5960:

5948:

5946:

5932:

5927:

5904:

5899:

5886:

5879:

5866:

5858:

5856:

5852:

5846:Inha University5841:

5834:

5829:

5816:

5810:

5794:

5786:

5784:

5783:on 9 April 20075772:

5764:

5762:

5750:

5741:

5733:

5731:

5727:

5716:

5711:

5702:

5700:

5686:

5673:

5664:

5662:

5654:

5651:

5646:

5643:

5641:Further reading5638:

5629:

5627:

5618:

5617:

5613:

5604:

5602:

5583:

5582:

5578:

5569:

5567:

5555:

5554:

5550:

5541:

5539:

5535:The Chosun Ilbo5528:

5527:

5523:

5514:

5512:

5509:The Korea Times5501:

5500:

5496:

5487:

5485:

5476:

5475:

5471:

5462:

5460:

5449:

5448:

5444:

5435:

5433:

5429:The Chosun Ilbo5421:

5420:

5416:

5407:

5405:

5397:"우수리스크 고려인문화센터"5395:

5394:

5390:

5381:

5379:

5375:The Korea Times5368:

5367:

5363:

5355:

5351:

5341:

5339:

5332:

5327:

5326:

5322:

5314:

5310:

5301:

5299:

5288:

5287:

5283:

5274:

5272:

5264:

5263:

5259:

5250:

5248:

5239:

5238:

5234:

5224:

5222:

5215:"Korean carrot"5209:

5208:

5204:

5194:

5192:

5183:

5182:

5178:

5170:

5166:

5156:

5154:

5151:

5146:

5145:

5141:

5131:

5129:

5122:

5118:

5117:

5113:

5105:

5098:

5090:

5086:

5077:

5075:

5064:

5063:

5059:

5050:

5048:

5037:

5036:

5029:

5020:

5018:

5015:The Korea Times5007:

5006:

5002:

4993:

4991:

4988:The Korea Times4980:

4979:

4975:

4966:

4964:

4955:

4954:

4950:

4941:

4939:

4937:thediplomat.com4930:

4929:

4922:

4913:

4911:

4900:

4899:

4895:

4886:

4884:

4875:

4874:

4870:

4862:

4860:

4846:

4845:

4841:

4833:

4829:

4821:

4817:

4808:

4806:

4795:

4794:

4790:

4782:

4778:

4768:

4766:

4755:

4750:

4749:

4745:

4737:

4733:

4725:

4721:

4712:

4710:

4702:

4701:

4697:

4689:

4687:

4683:

4677:

4676:

4672:

4666:Alekseenko 20004664:

4660:

4652:

4648:

4639:

4637:

4627:

4626:

4622:

4614:

4610:

4602:

4598:

4588:

4586:

4579:

4575:

4574:

4570:

4563:

4559:

4552:

4548:

4540:

4536:

4528:

4524:

4515:

4513:

4501:

4500:

4491:

4482:

4480:

4469:

4468:

4464:

4456:

4452:

4444:

4435:

4427:

4423:

4415:

4411:

4403:

4399:

4391:

4387:

4379:

4375:

4367:

4363:

4355:

4344:

4336:

4332:

4317:

4316:

4309:

4301:

4297:

4289:

4282:

4273:

4271:

4267:

4256:

4255:

4251:

4243:

4239:

4231:

4227:

4217:

4215:

4207:The Korea Times4199:

4198:

4189:

4154:Pacific Affairs4147:

4146:

4142:

4133:

4131:

4122:

4121:

4117:

4108:

4106:

4097:

4096:

4092:

4084:

4080:

4071:

4070:

4066:

4058:

4054:

4053:

4049:

4032:

4025:

4023:

4019:

4008:

4006:"Archived copy"4004:

4003:

3999:

3986:

3985:

3981:

3968:

3967:

3963:

3950:

3949:

3945:

3940:

3936:

3929:

3925:

3916:

3915:

3911:

3907:

3902:

3901:

3895:

3891:

3885:

3881:

3864:

3860:

3855:

3816:Korean diaspora3788:

3781:

3774:

3769:

3767:

3764:

3728:

3613:

3607:

3584:

3565:

3559:

3543:Korean American3528:

3517:

3511:

3508:

3465:

3463:

3453:

3441:

3430:

3404:

3358:

3351:

3349:

3344:

3334:

3329:

3324:

3314:

3307:

3305:

3300:

3295:

3290:

3285:

3283:

3278:

3271:

3269:

3264:

3262:

3257:

3255:

3250:

3242:

3191:

3186:

3181:

3165:

3160:

3155:

3093:

3088:

3083:

3073:

3071:

3061:

3056:

3051:

3011:

2997:

2973:

2963:

2958:

2953:

2935:

2930:

2925:

2907:

2902:

2897:

2887:

2877:

2875:

2870:

2865:

2855:

2845:

2843:

2838:

2836:

2831:

2829:

2824:

2819:

2817:

2812:

2783:

2778:

2774:

2772:

2767:

2759:

2720:

2668:

2663:

2658:

2650:

2637:

2635:

2633:

2631:

2626:

2624:

2622:

2620:

2612:

2599:

2594:

2584:

2552:

2547:

2542:

2534:

2524:

2519:

2514:

2504:

2494:

2478:

2468:

2463:

2458:

2420:

2415:

2410:

2405:

2395:

2388:

2386:

2381:

2379:

2377:

2375:

2370:

2368:

2366:

2364:

2359:

2349:

2276:

2271:

2269:

2264:

2221:

2216:

2153:

2148:

2094:

2092:

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4430:

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4386:

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4086:Schlyter 20044082:

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2019:

2016:

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